The New Georgia Encyclopedia is supported by funding from A More Perfect Union, a special initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
A bird's-eye view of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra being led by Music Director Robert Spano in 2003. The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra (ASO) is the most widely recognized orchestra and largest arts organization in the southeastern United States, and has won many honors, including twenty-six Grammys as of 2006.
Courtesy of J.D. Scott
A desire to upgrade the Atlanta Symphony to full professional status resulted in the engagement of Robert Shaw as music director in 1967. After serving for twenty-one years Shaw was appointed music director emeritus and conductor laureate; he died in 1999.
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Records, Popular Music and Culture Collection.
A group of children attends a concert by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, circa 1955.Â
Courtesy of Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Archive
Atlanta Symphony Orchestra conductor Robert Spano leads a 2003 rehearsal at the Woodruff Arts Center.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, led by conductor Robert Shaw, is pictured during a performance in 1973. .
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Atlanta Journal-Constitution Photographic Archive.
Graham Jackson Sr. began his musical career with the jazz group the Seminole Syncopaters in Atlanta. He performed for Franklin D. Roosevelt over twenty-four times during his career, and at the president's funeral in 1945.
Courtesy of Auburn Avenue Research Library, Graham Washington Jackson, Sr. papers.
As part of a campaign to expand the roles for African Americans during World War II, Jackson enlisted and served in the Navy from 1942 until the war's end, in 1945.
Courtesy of Auburn Avenue Research Library, Graham Washington Jackson, Sr. papers.
Known as "The Ambassador of Good Will," Graham Jackson Sr. was invited to perform for U.S. presidents throughout his career. Jimmy Carter was the last president for whom Jackson performed.
Courtesy of Auburn Avenue Research Library, Graham Washington Jackson, Sr. papers.
Graham Jackson Sr. performed nightly at Johnny Reb's Dixieland canteen and restaurant in Atlanta until 1967.
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Tracy O'Neal Photographic Collection, #N10-23_a.
Organizers of the second Atlanta International Pop Festival initially required tickets to enter the gated festival, shown here on opening day, July 3, 1970. However, unruly crowds soon prompted the organizers to allow free entry.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
The crowd at the second Atlanta International Pop Festival in Byron. Estimates vary, but the festival likely attracted between 200,000 and 300,000 people.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Alex Cooley, pictured in 1978, owned and operated a number of the best-known rock venues in Atlanta, including Alex Cooley's Electric Ballroom and the Tabernacle. In 1987 Cooley was inducted as a nonperformer into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
This homemade blacklight poster is designed after the 1970 cover of the Second Annual Atlanta International Pop Festival newspaper.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
This centerfold from the second Atlanta International Pop Festival program showcases artists including Jimi Hendrix, B.B. King, and The Allman Brothers Band.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
The second Atlanta International Pop Festival took place July 3-5, 1970, in Byron.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
Scorching temperatures and high winds marked the second Atlanta International Pop Festival. Firetrucks were brought in to hose down attendees while medics treated sunburns.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
Litter quickly covered the ground at the second Atlanta International Pop Festival in Byron.
Photograph by Earl McGehee
The Reverend Dwight Andrews (left), of First Congregational Church, and Steven Darsey, of Meridian Herald, are pictured at the Atlanta Music Festival in 2009. The two cofounded the festival in 2001.
Courtesy of Meridian Herald
The Atlanta Auditorium and Armory (later Atlanta Municipal Auditorium), pictured circa 1916, was the venue in 1910 for the first concert presented by the Atlanta Colored Music Festival Association. The concerts continued annually until about 1918.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, # ful0183.
Members of the First Congregational Church, including the Reverend Henry Hugh Proctor (standing seventh from left), in Atlanta are pictured circa 1899. Today the church is an affiliate of the United Church of Christ, which formed in 1957.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Henry Hugh Proctor, the minister at First Congregational Church in Atlanta from 1894 until 1920, is pictured circa 1900. In 1910 Proctor founded the Atlanta Colored Music Festival Association, which produced annual concerts by classically trained African American performers for nearly a decade.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Marching through Georgia, one of the best-known songs of the Civil War, was composed in 1865 by Henry Clay Work. The song celebrates the success of Union general William T. Sherman's march to the sea in 1864.
Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins, pictured circa 1880, was a musical prodigy. He was born into slave status in Columbus and spent most of his life performing on the piano for audiences around the country. He also wrote original compositions, including the famous "Battle of Manassas."
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Thomas "Blind Tom" Wiggins, pictured circa 1860 at about the age of ten, was born into slave status in Columbus. He was recognized as a musical prodigy by his owner, James Bethune, and was hired out as a child to traveling showman Perry Oliver. During the presidency of James Buchanan (1857-61), Blind Tom became the first African American musician to perform at the White House.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Musician Joe South created the country soul genre in the 1960s. His songs were performed by major country and rock-and-roll singers and groups in the 1960s and 1970s.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Songwriter and musician Joe South won two Grammy Awards for his hit song "Games People Play" in 1969. While working as a studio musician in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and Nashville, Tennessee, South also played on recordings by such legendary performers as Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Marty Robbins, and Simon and Garfunkel.
Image from Capitol Records
The Statesmen were a renowned gospel group formed in 1948 by Hovie Lister. Over the years the lineup of the group changed many times. Pictured is the last configuration of the performers. Seated left to right, Jack Toney (lead), Hovie Lister (pianist), and Wallace Nelms (tenor); standing left to right, Doug Young (bass) and Rick Fair (baritone).
Savannah-born James Moody was one of the early innovators of bebop. The jazz saxophonist, composer, and band leader recorded more than fifty albums.
Jazz musician James Moody, a native of Savannah, performs in 2007 at his eighty-second birthday celebration, held in New York City.
Photograph by Ned Radinsky. Courtesy of rockymountainjazz.com
Traditional gospel singer and songwriter Dottie Peoples is also a record producer and the host of the radio show The Dottie Peoples Showcase.
Photograph from Dottie Peoples
Protesters march down Broad Street in Albany during the Albany Movement, one of the largest civil rights campaigns in Georgia. From 1961 to 1962 Black residents protested the city's segregationist practices. Around 1,200 protesters were imprisoned as a result of their activities during the movement.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, #dgh231-86.
Babbie Mason is an award-winning contemporary Christian singer and songwriter. She is also known for the television talk show, Babbie's House, and teaching songwriting at Point University, formerly Atlanta Christian College.
Courtesy of Babbie Mason
Blues musician Precious Bryant performs at the Atlanta History Center Blues Festival. Born in Talbot County in 1942, Bryant learned to play guitar as a child and began performing publicly in the 1960s.
Courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic Development.
An old-time string band from Gordon County, the Georgia Yellow Hammers made many recordings in the 1920s.
Located on South Wall Street in Calhoun, the Moss Music Company was owned by Lawrence Moss, the stepfather of Phil Reeve of the Georgia Yellow Hammers. In the photograph pianos can be seen in the right background and sewing machines in the right foreground. Pictured, left to right: the Harper brothers, Phil Reeve, and Moss.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, #
gor298.
Southern gospel music songwriter and performer Lee Roy Abernathy was an innovator. He invented a music typesetting system, pioneered the use of public address systems in gospel concerts, and wrote the first singing commercials.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Larry Jon Wilson, an Augusta-based singer, songwriter, and composer, began his musical career in 1975 with the release of his first album, New Beginnings. His work is described by critics as a blend of country, soul, and folk.
Courtesy of Larry Jon Wilson
Georgia singer, songwriter Larry Jon Wilson with his guitar. WIlson's released his first album in 1975 and released six more before his death in 2010.
Courtesy of Larry Jon Wilson
Singer, Songwriter Larry Jon Wilson performing on stage. Wilson taught himself to play the guitar at age thirty and soon transferred from a career in chemistry to one in music.
Courtesy of Larry Jon WilsonÂ
Bill Lowery began his career in Atlanta as a disc jockey and broadcaster for Georgia Tech football games at radio station WGST in 1948. His weekly programs at the station included Musical Tune and Uncle Ebenezer Brown.
Bill Lowery, pictured in 1969, poses at Bill Lowery Enterprises, which included the Lowery Music Company and the National Recording Corporation. Lowery, known as "Mr. Atlanta Music," was a prominent disc jockey, producer, manager, and music publisher in the city from 1948 until his death in 2004. He was one of the first two inductees into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, which he also helped to establish.
The rap musician Ludacris poses in 2003 outside the Def Jam South offices in Midtown Atlanta. Ludacris signed with Def Jam in 2000 and later that year released the album Back for the First Time, which contained his first national hit, "What's Your Fantasy?"
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Ludacris, a rapper in the "Dirty South" style, performs during the 2005 Vibe Music Festival at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. Ludacris began his career as a disc jockey in Atlanta and relased his first album, Incognegro, in 2000. The following year he established the Ludacris Foundation for underprivileged children in Atlanta.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Usher, a native of Chattanooga, Tennessee, began his recording career in 1994 with Atlanta-based LaFace Records. In 2001 the artist received two Grammy awards. Usher has also starred in several feature films.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Country musician Travis Tritt performs at the Country Fair 2000 in his hometown of Marietta. That year, Tritt released Down the Road I Go, his eighth new album and the first with Columbia Records.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Travis Tritt, a native of Marietta, is a Grammy Award-winning country musician and member of the Grand Ole Opry. In 1999 he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. Tritt's platinum-selling albums include Country Club (1990), It's All about to Change (1991), and T-R-O-U-B-L-E (1994).
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Chuck Leavell stands among the longleaf pines on Charlane Plantation, his timber farm and hunting preserve in Twiggs County. Leavell and his wife, Rose, have received state and national awards recognizing their efforts in conservation.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Pianist Chuck Leavell, a resident of Twiggs County since the early 1980s, has played with such notable acts as the Allman Brothers Band and the Rolling Stones. Inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2004, Leavell has also released several solo albums.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
The Savannah Theatre opened in late 1818, with productions of the comedies Soldier's Daughter and Raising the Wind, and incorporated twenty years later. Theater was the predominant form of entertainment in antebellum Georgia, and performances often incorporated popular songs of the day.
Courtesy of Georgia Historical Society, Cordray-Foltz Photography Studio photographs, #GHS 1360-03-06-06.
Lowell Mason, known as the "Father of School Music" influenced the development of urban sacred music, as well as music education, in antebellum Georgia. A native of Massachusetts, Mason led the "better music movement," which favored the works of European classical composers, in his adopted home of Savannah.
From What We Hear in Music, by A. S. Faulkner
Jesse Mercer, a prominent Baptist leader in Georgia, served as president of the Georgia Baptist Convention from 1822 until his death in 1841. Also an active publisher, Mercer compiled a hymnal in 1810 and edited the Christian Index, a Baptist newspaper, from 1833 to 1840. In 1833 he founded Mercer Institute, which later became Mercer University.
The shape-note system in The Sacred Harp uses a different shape to represent each of the four syllables in the musical scale: a triangle (fa), a circle (sol), a rectangle (la), and a diamond (mi).
The tune "Windham" as it appears in The Sacred Harp, 1911 edition. Image from Wikimedia.
Alex Cooley gives an interview to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution in 1998. Cooley became a concert promoter during the late 1960s and founded the city's Midtown Music Festival in 1994.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Francine Reed performs at Music Midtown, an annual festival in Atlanta begun in 1990s. A native of Illinois, Reed became known as Atlanta's "queen of the blues" following her move to Georgia in the early 1990s.
Courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic Development.
Fletcher Henderson, a native of Randolph County, formed the first big band orchestra around 1920 in New York City. In 1921 Fletcher's orchestra began making records, and the group played at the Roseland Ballroom in New York for the rest of the decade.
Fletcher Henderson, an accomplished pianist and native of Cuthbert, is credited with forming the first big band orchestra in New York City during the 1920s. His musical contributions laid the foundation for swing music.
Image from Wikimedia
A publicity photo of Chet Atkins, a famed country music star credited with increasing country music's mainstream popularity. Â He won more than a dozen Grammy awards over his lifetime, and was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1995.
Copyright 1997 SonyMusic Entertainment Inc.
Willie Lee, or "Piano Red," Perryman was a blues pianist who played in the barrelhouse style. His professional music career began in the early 1930s and continued until the late 1960s.
Photograph from booklet "Piano Red, Dr. Feelgood," by Norbert Hess
Blind Willie McTell, a native of Thomson, was a great blues musician of the 1920s and 1930s. Based in Atlanta, he displayed an extraordinary range on the twelve-string guitar.
First Piece of the Rock was released in 1983 as a tribute to Willie Lee Perryman, a blues musician known as "Piano Red" for much of his career. Two of Perryman's songs, "Rockin' with Red" and "Red's Boogie," were recorded in Atlanta in 1950 and made the national charts.
Print by Mike McCarty. Courtesy of Lowery Group
Willie Lee Perryman, a blues pianist, created the Dr. Feelgood persona for his WAOK radio show, and he performed under the name with his band, the Interns. From left, Perryman, Curtis Smith, Bobby Lee Tuggle, Roy Lee Johnson, Beverly Watkins, and Howard Hobbs.
Photograph from booklet "Piano Red, Dr. Feelgood," by Norbert Hess
Willie Lee Perryman, also known as "Dr. Feelgood," poses in the early 1960s with his band, the Interns.
Photograph from booklet "Piano Red, Dr. Feelgood," by Norbert Hess
The hip-hop duo Andre Benjamin and Antwan Patton, known as OutKast, released their first album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, in 1994 on LaFace Records, an Atlanta-based label. Their debut effort sold more than a million copies.
Antwan Patton, known as "Big Boi," performs in Atlanta in 2011. Big Boi is one member of the Atlanta hip-hop duo OutKast, which he formed with Andre Benjamin in the early 1990s.
Courtesy of Mike White | DEADLYDESIGNS.COM
Duane Allman was the guitarist for the Allman Brothers Band, which he formed with his younger brother, Gregg, in 1969. The band released its first album on Capricorn Records, a label based in Macon. Allman died in 1971 after being injured in a motorcycle accident.
Enrico Caruso performs the role of Samson in a 1915 Metropolitan Opera production of Samson and Delilah in Atlanta. Each spring from 1910 until 1986, the Metropolitan Opera, based in New York City, collaborated with the Atlanta Music Club to produce Opera Week in Atlanta.
Courtesy of Atlanta History Center.
Jessye Norman, an Augusta native, began her career as an opera singer in 1969 with the Deutsche Oper Berlin in Germany. She subsequently performed in Milan, Italy, and London, England, before making her debut at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1983.
Image from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore
Phil Walden founded the Capricorn Record Series, an imprint of Atlantic Records, in 1969. He launched the "southern rock" genre under Capricorn, with such acts as the Allman Brothers Band, the Dixie Dregs, and Wet Willie.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Antonio "L.A." Reid cofounded LaFace Records, a rap and rhythm-and-blues label in Atlanta, with Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds in 1989. Reid continued to manage the company after Edmonds's departure in 1993, and since 2000 he has served as the president and chief executive officer of Arista Records, which bought out LaFace that same year.
Lena Horne, an acclaimed entertainer and civil rights activist, is pictured in a 1946 publicity still for Till the Clouds Roll By. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Horne spent part of her childhood in both Fort Valley and Atlanta before beginning her career in New York at the age of sixteen. In 1984 she received the Kennedy Center Honor for lifetime achievement in the performing arts.
Image from Wikimedia
Tony Merrell drums during a performance of the Georgia Sea Island Singers, as fellow member Frankie Sullivan Quimby looks on. The singers maintain a tradition, begun around 1900, of sharing the Gullah culture through performances and educational programs.
Courtesy of Georgia Sea Island Singers
Harry James, a renowned swing trumpet player during the 1930s and 1940s, rehearses for the Coca-Cola radio show in New York City around 1946. James was born in Albany to traveling circus performers and began playing the trumpet as a child.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Music Division, William P. Gottlieb/Ira and Leonore S. Gershwin Fund Collection.
Pictured in New York circa 1947, Harry James was a renowned trumpet player and band leader. The Albany native played with some of the most prominent performers of the swing era, including Benny Goodman and Connie Haines.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Music Division, William P. Gottlieb/Ira and Leonore S. Gershwin Fund Collection.
Gram Parsons's work on the album Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968) earned critical success and increased popularity for the Byrds, but it turned out to be the only album Parsons would record with the band.
Gram Parsons's influence on other musicians stems from his innovative fusion of the country and rock genres. Though he died young in the early 1970s, Parsons left behind a body of work that continues to earn the admiration of contemporary musicians.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Vocalist Emmylou Harris recorded two albums with Gram Parsons: GP (1973) and Grievous Angel (1974). Between the releases of these two records, Harris toured with Parsons's Fallen Angels band.
Photograph copyright Geoff Gibbs
The Allman Brothers Band formed in Florida in 1969 and moved to Macon later that same year.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
The Allman Brothers Band recorded its first album in New York in August 1969, just five months after the band debuted in Jacksonville, Florida.
The Johnny Mercer Collection in the Special Collections and Archives Department at Georgia State University is home to a large collection of the songwriter's personal papers and effects, including correspondence, sound recordings, sheet music, and lyrics.
The Tams, a rhythm-and-blues vocal quintet from Atlanta, made their first recording in 1960. With a series of hits on the Billboard charts during the following decade, the group defined what is known as the "beach music" sound.
Members of the Tams, a musical group which formed in 1952 as the Four Dots, continue to perform today. The group recorded its first album as the Tams, with five members, in 1960 and enjoyed several hits in the 1960s. The Tams continued touring for decades, even after founding member Joe Pope died in 1996.
Curtis Mayfield began his career as a professional musician at age sixteen. His longtime affiliation with a vocal group called the Impressions was followed by a series of successful and influential solo projects. Today Mayfield is revered by many for his pioneering work in the soul and funk genres.
Image from Wikimedia
Propelled by two chart-climbing singles, Toni Braxton achieved stardom before the release of her first full-length record. When the rhythm-and-blues singer's debut album, Toni Braxton, finally came out in 1993, it sold more than 9 million copies.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
In his unique career, Jermaine Dupri has been a breakdancer, songwriter, music producer, entrepreneur, rapper, and athletics manager. He has held high-level positions at major record companies, in addition to owning Atlanta-based So So Def Records, and he has produced several music acts that have gone on to sell millions of albums each.
Image from Timothy M. Moore
Isaac Hayes, credited with developing the "Memphis soul" sound in the 1960s and 1970s, was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1994. A Tennessee native, Hayes lived in Atlanta from the mid-1970s until 1992.
Courtesy of www.isaachayes.com
Isaac Hayes, an innovative soul musician, greets onlookers along the red carpet at the 2004 Turner Broadcasting System's Trumpet Awards, held at the Omni Hotel in Atlanta. Hayes began as a rhythm-and-blues musician in Memphis, Tennessee, before establishing himself as a soul musician with the 1969 album Hot Buttered Soul.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Soul musician Isaac Hayes performs in 2003 at Philips Arena (later State Farm Arena) in Atlanta during an NBA All-Star event.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
Norman Blake, a highly regarded perfomer of traditional southern music, married musician Nancy Blake in 1972. Since that time, the two have often performed and recorded together.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
First published in 1844, The Sacred Harp songbook has helped to promote the style of singing known as "Sacred Harp," "shape-note," or "fasola" singing.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Gapped scales (having less than the usual seven notes) and unusual harmonies help account for this traditional music's characteristic sound. Also unique is the doubling of two parts, both men and women singing tenor and treble. Untrained voices prevail, so the singing sounds loud and exhilarating.
Courtesy of Georgia Council for the Arts, Georgia Traditional Arts Research Collection, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College Libraries.
The sound of Sacred Harp may vary a bit from region to region, and white singers have different styles from African American singers. But regardless of location or race, Sacred Harp sounds unlike academic choral singing or gospel singing, in which melody dominates and harmony embellishes and supports it.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
The McIntosh County Shouters, seen here performing at National Folk Festival, Wolf Trap Farm, Virginia, have helped preserve the southeastern ring shout, one of the oldest African American performance traditions in the country.Â
Courtesy of Margo Rosenbaum
Musicians perform in 1947 before a live audience on the popular radio show "WSB Barn Dance." The program aired on WSB, Atlanta's first radio station, from 1940 to 1950.
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Lane Brothers Commercial Photographers Photographic Collection.
Fiddlin' John Carson, pictured circa 1924, began playing fiddle on Atlanta's WSB radio station in 1922. On June 14, 1923, the country-music recording industry was launched when Carson made his first phonograph record. His recording career, which yielded some 165 recorded songs, lasted into the 1930s.
Photograph by Wilbur Smith
Alan Jackson, a native of Newnan, achieved success as a country musician during the 1990s. A member of the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee, Jackson was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2001.
Atlanta native Brenda Lee began her career at the age of five and achieved fame as a rockabilly singer during the 1950s and 1960s. During the early 1970s she transitioned into a country style and is, to date, the only female performer to be inducted into both the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Born and raised in Monticello, Trisha Yearwood rose to fame as a successful country musician during the 1990s. She was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2000.
Image from Walt Disney Television
Bumble Bee Slim Easton, a native of Brunswick, became a prominent blues musician in Chicago, Illinois, where he recorded more than 150 songs during the 1930s.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Ida Cox, a Georgia native, began her career as a vaudeville performer. She recorded her first blues songs in 1923 for the Paramount label, which dubbed her the "Uncrowned Queen of the Blues." By 1929, Cox had recorded seventy-eight songs, most of which she had written herself.
Ida Cox, a successful blues singer of the 1920s, meets with John Hammond some years after her 1939 performance in his From Spirituals to Swing concert for an integrated audience at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Hammond, a prominent musician and producer, worked throughout the 1930s to integrate the music business.
Tampa Red Whittaker, a native of Smithville, was a prominent Chicago blues musician during the 1930s and 1940s.
Otis Redding, a Georgia native, was an influentual rhythm-and-blues and soul musician during the 1960s. Killed in an airplane crash in 1967, Redding was posthumously honored by a statue in Macon, his hometown, and induction into both the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Otis Redding, an influential soul musician, began his musical career with "Little Richard" Penniman after dropping out of high school. In 1960 he joined Johnny Jenkins and the Pinetoppers as a vocalist and recorded his first hit song, "These Arms of Mine," for Stax Records in 1962.
Although Otis Redding achieved success as a rhythm-and-blues and soul musician during the early 1960s, he did not receive much mainstream attention until the release of his song "I've Been Loving You Too Long (To Stop Now)" in 1965. In 1967 Redding released the crossover hit "Try a Little Tenderness" and was the only soul act to appear at the Monterey Pop Festival in California.
Otis Redding, a soul musician whose work influenced such rock acts as the Rolling Stones, achieved his single number-one recording with the release of "(Sittin' on) The Dock of the Bay." The song was released three months after Redding's death in an airplane crash on December 10, 1967.
The U.S. Postal Service's American Music Series commemorated the life of Georgia soul musician Otis Redding in 1992.
Courtesy of Smithsonian National Postal Museum
Little Richard's debut album, Here's Little Richard, was released in 1957 by Specialty Records.
Photography by Jay Miller
Little Richard Penniman, known as "the Georgia Peach," claimed to be "the innovator and the architect of rock and roll." From 1956 to 1957 he recorded a string of hits before renouncing show business to enter the seminary. He returned to the stage in 1962 and continued to perform into his seventies. In 1986 Little Richard was one of the first inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Image from Wikimedia
Robert Shaw conducted the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra from 1967 to 1988. Credited with building the symphony into a major American orchestra, Shaw received many national and international honors throughout his long career.
Robert Shaw leads a rehearsal of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, circa 1970.
Courtesy of Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Archive
Classical pianist and composer Beryl Rubinstein spent much of his career at the Cleveland Institute of Music, where he served in a number of capacities, including head of the piano department, dean of faculty, and director of the school. Rubinstein, born in Athens in 1898, returned to Georgia in May 1952 to perform concerts in Athens and Atlanta.
Courtesy of Cleveland Institute of Music
Jessye Norman, a native of Augusta, was a world-renowned and highly-decorated operatic soprano. In her lifetime, she received more than thirty honorary degrees, won five Grammys, was awarded the French Legion of Honor, and became the youngest recipient of the Kennedy Center Honor at the age of just fifty-one.
Photograph by John Mathew Smith
Brenda Lee began her career as a singer at the age of five and continues to perform into the twenty-first century. A rockabilly performer in her early days, Lee later adopted adult contemporary and country styles. She is the only woman to be inducted into both the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Image from Bradford Timeline
Rockabilly singer Brenda Lee began performing in the Atlanta area at the age of five. In 1957 she met Elvis Presley for the first time and performed with him in a Grand Ole Opry performance at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee.
As a young man, the rockabilly singer Jerry Reed moved from Atlanta to Nashville, Tennessee, to record with Capitol Records from 1955 to 1958. In 1958 he returned to Atlanta and recorded with the National Recording Corporation before joining the army.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Jerry Reed's long career in the country and pop music industry began in 1955, when he was eighteen years old, and continued into the twenty-first century. In addition to writing and recording his own songs, Reed has worked as a session musician for such artists as Willie Nelson and Elvis Presley and as a producer on his own record label.
Image from SSGT Lee Schading
Gladys Knight and the Pips formed in 1952 and toured the "Chitlin' Circuit" throughout the 1950s. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the group recorded its biggest hits, including "I Heard It through the Grapevine" (1967) and "Midnight Train to Georgia" (1973).
Gladys Knight began her solo career in the late 1980s after reuniting briefly with her family band, the Pips, earlier in the decade.
Image from John Mathew Smith
Roland Hayes, the renowned African American tenor, earned international acclaim by singing classical and operatic music on the concert stage. Initially compelled to arrange and promote his own concerts, Hayes eventually became the highest-paid tenor in the world, despite the racial barriers that often excluded African Americans from careers in classical music.
Courtesy of Gordon County Chamber of Commerce
This image of Roland Hayes, the internationally known African American tenor, appeared on a program for a 1937 concert he gave in New York City. Hayes began his career with the renowned Jubilee Singers at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, and performed his final concert over fifty years later at Carnegie Hall in New York.
Courtesy of University of Iowa Libraries, Redpath Chautauqua Collection.
Roland Hayes, the famous Black tenor, often incorporated "Aframerican religious folk music," or spirituals, into his classical repertoire, as demonstrated by this 1937 program. Hayes arranged the spirituals, which had been passed down orally from generation to generation, for orchestral accompaniment.
Courtesy of University of Iowa Libraries, Redpath Chautauqua Collection.
The acclaimed African American tenor Roland Hayes sits in 1954 for a portrait by photographer Carl Van Vechten. Hayes left his home in Georgia in 1948, several years after a violent conflict with a white store owner in Rome, and spent his remaining years in Massachusetts. After retiring from the stage in 1962, Hayes taught and mentored young musicians during his later years.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Carl Van Vechten Collection, #LC-USZ62-114533.
Georgia Tom Dorsey began his career as a blues pianist at the age of twelve in Atlanta. In 1916 Dorsey moved to Chicago, where he assumed the leadership of Gertrude "Ma" Rainey's Wild Cats Jazz Band in 1924 and began recording with "Tampa Red" Whittaker in 1928.
From The Story of the Blues, by P. Oliver
Georgia Tom Dorsey became an icon in gospel music during the 1930s and 1940s, working in Chicago with such gospel singers as Mahalia Jackson, Della Reece, and Clara Ward. Dorsey began his career as a blues musician but turned exclusively to spiritual music following the death of his wife in 1932.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Mattiwilda Dobbs, an Atlanta native and renowned soprano, performed the role of Olympia in the Metropolitan Opera's 1959 production of The Tales of Hoffman by Jacques Offenbach. Dobbs joined the Metropolitan Opera in 1956 and sang with the company for eight seasons.
Photograph by Louis Melancon
This portrait of opera singer Mattiwilda Dobbs was made in 1955 by the American photographer Carl Van Vechten, who photographed many notable artists of the Harlem Renaissance. Dobbs, the daughter of prominent Black activist John Wesley Dobbs, was a native of Atlanta and Spelman College graduate who rose to international fame as an opera diva during the 1950s. Dobbs performed at opera houses and festivals around the world, but she did not sing before an integrated audience in her home city until 1962.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Carl Van Vechten Collection, #LOT 12735, no. 306.
Johnny Mercer, a Savannah native, wrote numerous popular songs during the swing era, many of which are now considered classics. A vocalist as well as a lyricist, Mercer often sang with Benny Goodman.
As a performer and recording artist in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Ray Charles pioneered a new style of music that became known as "soul," a blend of gospel music, blues, and jazz that brought him worldwide fame.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Ray Charles began his professional career at age fifteen, playing in Jacksonville and Orlando, Florida. He later relocated to the West Coast to pursue better career opportunities, moving first to Seattle in 1948 and then to Los Angeles in 1950.
In 1956 disc jockey and social activist Zenas Sears established the Atlanta radio station WAOK, one of the first in the country to play blues, rhythm and blues, and soul music as the primary format.
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Lane Brothers Commercial Photographers Photographic Collection.
James Brown, known as the "Godfather of Soul" and "Soul Brother Number One," influenced a generation of younger singers with his energetic performances and distinctive vocal style. Active in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, Brown continued to speak out about racism during his long career.
James Brown, pictured with Aretha Franklin, was instrumental in pioneering soul music, a dynamic blend of gospel and rhythm and blues. Two of Brown's singles in 1965, "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag-Part 1" and "I Got You (I Feel Good)," were milestones of the genre.
Jonesboro native Jesse Fuller became a one-man blues band. He played twelve-string guitar, harmonica, cymbals, and a foot-operated bass. The San Francisco-based rock group the Grateful Dead covered some of Fuller's songs in the 1970s and 1980s.
From The Story of the Blues, by P. Oliver
Pictured in an Atlanta hotel room in 1940, "Blind Willie" McTell holds a twelve-string guitar. He recorded many blues classics, including "Statesboro Blues." McTell was the only bluesman to remain active in Atlanta (in the Decatur Street district) well after World War II.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Lomax Collection.
Barbecue Bob Hicks played a distinct style of country blues with his brother, Charlie, in Atlanta in the late 1920s.
Buddy Moss played a Piedmont style of country blues in Atlanta in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In his book The Story of the Blues, Paul Oliver describes Moss as "a link between Blind Blake and Blind Boy Fuller."
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photograph by Jack Delano.
The poster, created in the late 1930s, for the Federal Theatre Project presentation of Run Little Chillun at the Savoy Theatre in San Diego, California. Hall Johnson's folk opera opened on Broadway in New York in 1933.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Work Projects Administration Poster Collection,, #LC-USZC2-5692.
The Knox Institute was founded in 1868 in Athens, which became a center for African American secondary education after the Civil War. Located at the corner of Reese and Pope streets, the prestigious private school offered academic and industrial instruction. The school closed in 1928, and the structure no longer exists.
The composer Wallingford Riegger in New York City in the early 1930s. During this period he composed many dance scores for innovative dancers of the time, including Martha Graham.
From Wallingford Riegger: Two Essays in Musical Biography, by S. Spackman
(Standing left to right) Harold Riegger, Ida Riegger, Constantine Riegger, Wallingford Riegger, with Caroline Riegger (seated) holding Eleanor Riegger (ca. 1903).
From Wallingford Riegger: Two Essays in Musical Biography, by S. Spackman
Howard Swanson's classical music compositions have been performed by major orchestras and leading singers, including Leontyne Price and Marian Anderson.
Courtesy of the Center for Black Music, Columbia College, Chicago. Photograph by Maurice Seymour, New York
The Dewey Caldwell Memorial Singing, a singing convention held at Abilene Baptist Church in Carrollton on March 24, 2002.
Courtesy of Wayne W. Daniel
Members of a gospel singing convention gather by the train depot in Jasper, circa 1910. Two conventions were held in the town each year, in May and September, and attracted large crowds from neighboring communities.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, #
pck219-82.
The Reverend Andrew Jenkins of Atlanta (pictured here in 1954) was a leading composer of songs popular among southern gospel singers. He has been credited with more than 800 compositions, of which more than two-thirds are sacred songs.
Courtesy of Mary Lee Eskew Bowen
J. M. Henson was a major contributor to the development of southern gospel music. In 1921 he and a group of other musicians and businessmen formed the Southern Music Plate Company of Atlanta. They published music theory books and songbooks featuring the seven-shape notational system, a staple of vintage southern gospel music.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Charlie D. Tillman (photo taken ca. 1930), who called Atlanta home for most of his career, was a pioneer composer, performer, and publisher of southern gospel music. During the almost sixty years that he was involved in the music business, he wrote some one hundred songs and published twenty-two songbooks.
Courtesy of Charles L. Douglas
Members of a singing school at Wolf Fork Baptist Church in Rabun County gather in front of the church for a photograph (1909). This structure was also used as a school at one time.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia, #
rab068.
From 1996 until 2011, the Georgia Music Hall of Fame museum in Macon was home to thousands of documents and artifacts, including sound recordings, costumes, instruments, sheet music, photographs, recording equipment, and memorabilia, from the state's musical legends.
Courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic Development.
In May 2005 the city of Augusta honored James Brown with a statue of his likeness. At the unveiling ceremony, the star performed a few of his most popular songs for a crowd of fans. In attendance, standing front and center, was the Reverend Al Sharpton, Brown's former road manager.
Courtesy of Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
The popular contemporary Christian music group Third Day has received several Grammy Award nominations, finally winning in 2003 in the best rock gospel album category for Come Together.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
The B-52's (clockwise from top left: Keith Strickland, Kate Pierson, Fred Schneider, and Cindy Wilson) formed in the late 1970s and remain one of Athens's best-known bands.
Image from A. Currell
The B-52's (from left: Fred Schneider, Keith Strickland, Kate Pierson, Ricky Wilson, and Cindy Wilson) became a commercial and critical success with their first album, The B-52's (1979), mostly on the strength of their dance party classics "Rock Lobster" and "52 Girls." Ricky Wilson, lead guitarist and the member responsible for much of the band's unique vision, died of AIDS in 1985.
Image from A. Currell
With its fusion of southern rock, jazz, and blues, Widespread Panic has earned renown as one of America's best live bands.
Image from Wikimedia
Formed in Athens in 1980, R.E.M. (left to right: Mike Mills, Michael Stipe, and Peter Buck) has become one of the most critically honored rock bands in America.
Photograph by youngrobv
The cover art for Reckoning (1984), the second album by rock group R.E.M, features a painting by folk artist Howard Finster.
Photograph by Bradley Loos
The rock band R.E.M. (left to right: Peter Buck, Bill Berry, Michael Stipe, Mike Mills) was formed in Athens in 1980. The group was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2006 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007.
The Indigo Girls (left to right: Emily Saliers and Amy Ray) signed a recording contract with Epic Records in 1988. Their debut album on Epic, Indigo Girls (1989), featured what would become their biggest-selling single, "Closer to Fine." The album won a Grammy Award for best contemporary folk recording.
The Atlanta-based Indigo Girls (left to right: Amy Ray and Emily Saliers) have sold more than seven million albums worldwide, won one Grammy Award, and earned several Grammy nominations for their passionate folk-rock music, an inventive blend of Appalachian, pop, and rock influences.
Photograph by cornfusion
Amy Grant has won several Grammy Awards and performed a song from her album, Heart in Motion (1991), at the Grammy ceremonies in 1992. Grant was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2003.
Photograph by Dave Eagles
Amy Grant is one of contemporary Christian music's most prominent singer-songwriters. She has released more than a dozen albums, won numerous Dove Awards, and had successful crossover albums into the pop music world.
Vic Chesnutt performs in 2008 at the 40 Watt Club in Athens.
Courtesy of Mike White | DEADLYDESIGNS.COM
Vic Chesnutt, an influential folk-rock musician, spent much of his career in Athens. His first album, Little, was released in 1995 with the assistance of R.E.M.'s Michael Stipe, and many of his subsequent albums were made in collaboration with Athens musicians.
Image from [carlo cravero]
Vic Chesnutt, an acclaimed Athens-based musician, produced more than twenty albums over the course of his career. Chesnutt used a wheelchair after being partially paralyzed in a 1983 car accident, when he was eighteen years old.
Image from Todd Kulesza
Savannahian Johnny Mercer was one of America's most popular and successful songwriters of the twentieth century. Mercer penned lyrics to more than 1,000 songs, received nineteen Academy Award nominations, wrote music for a number of Broadway shows, and cofounded Capitol Records.
Courtesy of Library of Congress, Music Division, William P. Gottlieb/Ira and Leonore S. Gershwin Fund Collection.
Savannah-born songwriter Johnny Mercer, commemorated on this 1996 first-class postage stamp, is best known for his Academy Award-winning song "Moon River."
Courtesy of Smithsonian National Postal Museum
Gid Tanner was one of the most widely recognized names among country music enthusiasts of the 1920s and 1930s. The group that he headed, Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers, was one of the most influential string bands that recorded during the formative years of the country music industry.
Courtesy of Phil Tanner
Ray Charles developed his signature sound of expressive piano playing and rough vocals during the 1950s. The contrasting vocals of the Raeletts, the female backup singers who joined the band in 1957, were another important hallmark of his style.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Musician Ray Charles plays the piano and sings "Georgia on My Mind" for the Georgia General Assembly on March 7, 1979. The legislature later voted to make the song the official state song of Georgia.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Ray Charles addresses the Georgia Legislature in 1979, after his rendition of "Georgia On My Mind," a number-one hit in 1960, was named the official state song of Georgia.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Ray Charles Plaza, part of Albany's Flint River Walk, opened in December 2007 to honor musician Ray Charles. The plaza includes a bronze rotating statue of Charles, created by sculptor Andy Davis; a surrounding waterfall; and walkways engraved to look like piano keys.
Photograph by Meg Inscoe
Fiddlin' John Carson was frequently accompanied on radio, records, and stage by his daughter Rosa Lee (1909-92), a guitarist, singer, and dancer. Under the pseudonym Moonshine Kate, Rosa Lee established herself as an independent performer, thus becoming a pioneer among women country music performers.
Barili became the first professional concert pianist to make his home in Atlanta when he moved there in 1880. In the fall of 1899 Barili opened his own school of music, which offered instruction in piano, voice, organ, Italian language, music history, and music theory.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Alfredo Barili Family Papers, #ac. 1967-0601M.
In 1880 the Italian-born pianist Alfredo Barili (pictured here in his 30s) became the first professional musician to move to Atlanta, where he played a major role in establishing the foundation upon which the city's vibrant classical music culture is based.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Alfredo Barili Family Papers, #ac. 1967-0601M.
Alfredo Barili (pictured here in his 20s) was one of the most respected teachers and musicians in the South by the time of his death in November 1935.
Courtesy of Georgia Archives, Alfredo Barili Family Papers, #ac. 1967-0601M.
Known around the world as the "First Family of Bluegrass Gospel Music," the Lewis Family of Lincolnton have been entertaining at festivals and other gospel and bluegrass music venues since 1951. Their southern gospel harmony is sung to the accompaniment of banjo, guitar, autoharp, and upright bass.
Pete Drake was a record producer, record company founder, and musician whose steel-guitar playing was heard on hundreds of hit recordings. He was one of the most sought-after backup musicians of the 1960s.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
A musical group performs in 1955 for the popular WSB Barn Dance program.
Courtesy of Special Collections & Archives, Georgia State University Library, Lane Brothers Commercial Photographers Photographic Collection.
Georgia's Riley Puckett was a nationally known pioneer country music artist whose dynamic single-string guitar playing, featuring dramatic bass runs, earned for him an enviable reputation as an instrumentalist.
Courtesy of Juanita McMichen Lynch
Charlie D. Tillman (seated) exhibited early in life a better-than-average talent and inclination for music. His parents were evangelists, and he grew up traveling with them and taking an active role in the musical portion of their services.
Courtesy of Charles L. Douglas
The LeFevres, one of the best-known acts performing southern gospel from the 1920s to the 1950s, were based in Atlanta. In 1959 the family bought its first customized tour bus, which was equipped to sleep six people and outfitted with other conveniences to ease the burden of almost around-the-clock travel.
The original LeFevre Trio consisted of brothers Alphus (top right) and Urias (middle right) and Urias's wife, Eva Mae.
Joe Williams is considered by many to be the quintessential male jazz vocalist. Best known for his smooth baritone delivery as the singer for Count Basie's band from 1954 to 1961, the Georgia native also sang with Coleman Hawkins, Lionel Hampton, and Earl Hines, and had a successful solo career.
Image from Brian McMillen
The 40 Watt Club was established in 1978 in an Athens apartment lit only by a 40-watt light bulb. Now situated in its sixth location at 285 West Washington Street, the club has hosted such well-known Athens bands as R.E.M, the B-52's, and Widespread Panic.
Courtesy of Explore Georgia, Photograph by Geoff L. Johnson.
In 1972 a group of Atlanta-area studio musicians formed the Atlanta Rhythm Section. The band (pictured are vocalist Ronnie Hammond, who joined the band in 1973; guitarist J. R. Cobb; guitarist Barry Bailey; bassist Paul Goddard; keyboardist Dean Daughtry; and drummer Robert Nix) provided a different twist to the growing phenomenon of southern rock.
A. A. Gray of Tallapoosa was the most frequently documented first-place winner of the contests sponsored by the Georgia Old Time Fiddlers' Conventions, taking home the honors in 1918, 1921, 1922, and 1929.
Courtesy of Earl Gray
Anita Sorrells Wheeler of Atlanta was the only woman to win the state fiddling championship during the heyday of the Georgia Old-Time Fiddlers' Conventions. She won first place in 1931 and 1934.
Courtesy of Anita Mathis
Fiddlin' John Carson and Gid Tanner, both prominent Georgia fiddlers, are pictured circa 1922.
Monticello native Trisha Yearwood is well established as one of country music's most popular and appealing female vocalists. Starting with her debut release in 1991, she has amassed an enormous following of listeners who are drawn to her "everywoman" songs of fortitude and vulnerability.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
After learning to play guitar in Statesboro, blues musician "Blind Willie" McTell traveled a circuit that included Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah, and Macon during the 1920s and 1930s.
The Jenkins Family (clockwise from left: Jane Walden Eskew Jenkins, Irene Eskew Spain, Mary Lee Eskew, and Andrew Jenkins) presented their first program over the air on Atlanta's radio station WSB in 1922. They were among the first gospel music groups to be heard on any radio station.
Courtesy of Mary Lee Eskew Bowen
In 2000 the patriarch of the Lewis Family, Roy "Pop" Lewis, was inducted into the Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame, located at Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee.
Newnan native Alan Jackson has sold more than thirty-six million albums worldwide and has earned numerous Country Music Association Award nominations, making him one of country music's most acclaimed performers and songwriters.
Photograph by Timothy Wildey
A twenty-nine-cent stamp portrays Georgia native and blues queen Gertrude "Ma" Rainey.
Courtesy of Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Georgia Music Hall of Fame Collection.
Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (center) made an incredible impression before she even began singing, with her thick straightened hair sticking out all over, her huge teeth capped in gold, an ostrich plume in her hand, and a long triple necklace of shining gold coins sparkling against her sequined dress.
Image from Wikimedia
The restored Springer Opera House in Columbus, built in 1871, is the official state theater of Georgia.
Courtesy of Springer Opera House
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